Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon

Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans, (13 March 1753 – 23 June 1821), was the daughter of Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre and of Princess Maria Theresa Felicitas of Modena. At the death of her brother, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, prince de Lamballe, she became the wealthiest heiress in France prior to the French Revolution. She married Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, the regicide Philippe Égalité, and was the mother of France's last king, Louis Philippe I, King of the French. She was the sister-in-law of the princesse de Lamballe and had good relations with Marie Antoinette. She was the last member of the Bourbon-Penthièvre family.

Biography

Marie-Adélaïde was born on 13 March 1753 at the Hôtel de Toulouse, the family residence in Paris since 1712, when her grandfather, the Count of Toulouse, bought it from Louis Phélypeaux de La Vrillière. Her mother died in childbirth the following year.^[1] Styled Mademoiselle d'Ivoy^[2] initially and, as a young girl, until her marriage, Mademoiselle de Penthièvre (derived from the duchy inherited by her father). The style of Mademoiselle de Penthièvre had been previoulsy borne by her sister "Marie Louise de Bourbon" (1751–1753) who died six months after Marie-Adélaïde's birth.

Education

At birth, she was put in the care of Madame de Sourcy and, as was the custom for many girls of the nobility, she was later raised in a convent, the Abbaye de Montmartre, overlooking Paris^[3][4], where she spent twelve years.

Marie-Adélaïde was pretty, shy, and pious. As a child, she was encouraged to take an active part in the charities for which her father had become known as "Prince of the Poor".^[5] His reputation for beneficence made him popular throughout France and, subsequently, saved him during the Revolution.^[6]

Marriage

At the death, on 8 May 1768, of her brother and only sibling, the prince de Lamballe, Marie-Adélaïde became heiress to what was to become the largest fortune of France^[7].

Her marriage to Louis Philippe Joseph d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres, son of the Duke of Orléans, had been envisaged earlier and, while the Duke of Penthièvre saw in it the opportunity for his daughter to marry into the family of the First Prince of the Blood, the Orléans did not want a union with an illegitimate branch of the royal family. However, the Orléans' mind changed when the prince de Lamballe's death left his sister sole heiress to the family fortune. Although Marie-Adélaîde was much in love with her Orléans cousin, Louis XV warned Penthièvre against such a marriage because of the reputation of the young Duke of Chartres as a libertine.

You are wrong, my cousin, said Louis XV to Penthièvre, the Duke of Chartres has a bad temper, bad habits: he is a libertine, your daughter will not be happy. Do not rush, wait!^[8]

Louis XV was also fearful of the powerful leverage given the Orléans branch should it inherit the Penthièvre fortune.^[9]

Mademoiselle de Penthièvre was presented to the King on 7 December 1768, in a ceremony called de nubilité^[10][11], by her maternal aunt, the comtesse de la Marche. She was greeted by Louis XV, the Dauphin (the future Louis XVI) and other members of the royal family. On that day, she was baptised by Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon, Grand Almoner of France, and given the names Louise Marie Adélaïde^[12]. The fifteen-year old princess, informally called Marie-Adélaïde, became known at court for her beauty and virtuous behaviour.

Her marriage to the Duke of Chartres took place at the Palace of Versailles on 5 April 1769 in a lavish ceremony which all of the princes du sang attended. The marriage contract was signed by all members of the royal family. Afterwards, Louis XV hosted a wedding supper which included the entire royal family, princes of the blood, and many invited guests.

Mlle de Penthièvre brought to the already wealthy House of Orléans a dowry of six million livres, an annual income of 240,000 livres (later increased to 400,000 livres), and the expectation of much more upon her father's death.

The comtesse de Genlis

During the first few months of their marriage, the couple appeared devoted to each other, but the duke went back to the life of libertinage he had led before his marriage. It is during the summer of 1772, a few months after his wife had given birth to a stillborn daughter, that began Philippe's secret liaison with one of her ladies-in-waiting, Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St-Albin, comtesse de Genlis, the niece of Madame de Montesson, the morganatic wife of Philippe's father. Passionate at first, the liaison cooled within a few months and, by the spring of 1773, was reported to be "dead"^[13]. After the romantic affair was over, Félicité remained in the service of Marie-Adélaïde at the Palais-Royal, a trusted friend to both Marie-Adélaïde and Philippe. They both appreciated her intelligence and, in July 1779, she became the governess of the couple's twin daughters born in 1777^[14].

It was the custom in the French royal and noble families to "turn the boys over to the men" when they were seven years old. In 1782, the young Louis Philippe was already nine and in dire need of discipline. The Duke of Chartres could not think of a man better qualified to "turn his sons over to" than… Mme de Genlis. This is how, nine years after their passionate liaison had ended and turned into deep friendship, Félicité became the "gouverneur" of the duc and duchesse de Chartres’ children. Teacher and pupils left the Palais-Royal and went to live in a house built specially for them on the grounds of the Bellechasse convent (couvent des Dames de Bellechasse) in Paris^[14],^[15].

Mme de Genlis was an excellent teacher, but like those of her former lover, the duc de Chartres, her liberal political views made her unpopular with Queen Marie Antoinette. In the dissemination of her ideas, the countess managed to alienate her charges from their own mother, who was very conservative and close to her sister-in-law, the princesse de Lamballe.

Marie-Adélaïde began to contest the education given her children by her former lady-in-waiting. The relationship between the two women became unbearable when Louis-Philippe, on 2 November 1790, one month after his seventeenth birthday, joined the revolutionary Jacobin Club. Marie-Adélaïde's relationship with her husband was also at its worst at this point, and the only way the two would "talk" to each other was through letters.^[16]

In the memoirs of the baronne d'Oberkirch, the duchesse d'Orléans is described as:

...always wearing a melancholic expression which nothing could cure. She sometimes smiled, she never laughed....

^[17]

Upon the death of her father-in-law Louis Philippe d'Orléans in November 1785, her husband became the new Duke of Orléans, and First Prince of the Blood, taking rank only after the immediate family of the king. As the wife of a prince du sang she was entitled to be addressed as Your Serene Highness, a style to which her own illegitimate branch of the Bourbons had no right.

Revolution

On 5 April 1791, Marie-Adélaïde left her husband^[18], and went to live with her father at the château de Bizy^[19] overlooking the town of Vernon^[20] in Normandy. In September 1792, having sided with the Revolution, the Duke of Orléans was elected to the National Convention under the name of Philippe Égalité. Siding with the radical group called The Mountain (La Montagne), he was from the very beginning suspect in the eyes of the Girondists (Girondins), who wanted all the Bourbons to be banished from France. The fate of the Orléans family was sealed when Marie-Adélaïde's eldest son, the duc de Chartres, "Général Égalité" in the Army of the North commanded by Charles François Dumouriez, sought political asylum from the Austrians in March 1793. On 6 April, all the members of the Orléans family still remaining in France were arrested.

After their arrest in Paris, Philippe Égalité and his son, the comte de Beaujolais, were imprisoned in the Abbey prison (prison de l'Abbaye) in Paris.^[21][22] Later, the two were transferred to the prison of Fort Saint-Jean in Marseille, where they were soon joined by the duc de Montpensier who had been arrested while serving as an officer in the Army of the Alps. The day before his father and brothers were arrested in France, the duc de Chartres rushed to Tournai, near the French border^[23], where his sister Adélaïde and Mme de Genlis had been living since Philippe Égalité had made them emigrate in November 1792.

The duc de Chartres accompanied them to safety in Switzerland^[24]. In the meantime, because of her poor health, Marie-Adélaïde was allowed to stay in France, under guard, at the château de Bizy, where her father had died a month earlier. Her inheritance, however, was confiscated by the revolutionary government. Despite having voted for the death of his cousin Louis XVI of France, and having denounced his son's defection, Philippe Égalité was guillotined on 6 November 1793.

'Widow Égalité

Upon the execution of her husband, Marie-Adélaïde, now known as "Veuve Égalité" (Widow Égalité), was incarcerated at the Luxembourg Palace, which had been transformed into a prison during the Revolution. There she met the man who was to become the "love of her life", a former member of the National Convention named Jacques-Marie Rouzet^[25], who had been imprisoned at the fall of the Girondins. Nearly executed before the fall of Robespierre, in July 1794 at the end of the Terror^[26], she was then transferred to the "Pension Belhomme", a former mental institution that had been turned into a "prison for the rich" during the Revolution^[27]. After Rouzet, who after his liberation had become a member of the Council of Five Hundred, succeeded, in 1796, to secure her liberation and that of her two sons still imprisoned in Marseille^[28], the two always remained together and lived in Paris until 1797, when a decree banished the remaining members of the House of Bourbon from France.

Marie-Adélaïde was exiled to Spain, as was her sister-in-law Bathilde d'Orléans, the last princesse de Condé. Rouzet accompanied them to the Spanish border and managed to secretly join them in Barcelona where he became her chancellor, and she obtained for him the title of comte de Folmont^[29]. Marie-Adélaïde was never to see her two younger sons again, Montpensier and Beaujolais, who died in exile before the 1814 Bourbon Restoration.

Marie-Adélaïde, Rouzet and the Orléans exiled in Spain returned to France in 1814 at the time of the first Bourbon Restoration. After legal battles which lasted until her death, the bulk of her inheritance was eventually recovered. She died in her castle at Ivry-sur-Seine^[30] on 23 June 1821, after having suffered from breast cancer.

Rouzet had died nine months before, on 25 October 1820, and she had him inhumed in the new family chapel she had built in Dreux in 1816, as the final resting place for the two families, Bourbon-Penthièvre and Orléans.^[31],^[29]. The original Bourbon-Penthièvre family crypt in the Collégiale de Saint-Étienne de Dreux had been violated during the Revolution and the bodies thrown together into a grave in the Chanoines cemetery of the Collégiale. She also was buried in the new chapel which, after the accession to the throne of her son Louis Philippe, was enlarged, embellished and renamed "Chapelle royale de Dreux", becoming the necropolis for the now royal Orléans family.

Marie Adélaïde did not live to see her son Louis Philippe become King of the French in 1830.

In the 2006 Marie Antoinette film, Marie-Adélaïde had a minor role played by the French actress Aurore Clément.

Issue

The couple had six children:

• A daughter (died at birth, 10 October 1771);
• Louis Philippe d'Orléans, (Palais Royal, 1773–1850, Claremont);
  • Duke of Valois at birth (1773–1785);
  • Duke of Chartres (1785–1793);
  • Duke of Orléans (1793–1830);
• Louis Antoine Philippe d'Orléans, (Palais Royal, 1775–1807, Salthill),
  • Duke of Montpensier
• Françoise d'Orléans, Mademoiselle d'Orléans (Palais Royal, 1777–1782, Palais Royal), twin sister of (below),
• Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans, Mademoiselle de Chartres (Palais Royal, 1777–1847, Palais de Tuileries),
  • Mademoiselle d'Orléans after the death of her twin sister (above),
• Louis Charles Alphonse Léodgard d'Orléans (Palais Royal, 1779–1808, Malta).
  • Count of Beaujolais

The painting

On the eve of the French Revolution, in 1789, Louise Marie Adélaïde was painted by Élisabeth-Louise Vigée-Le Brun, the favourite portrait painter of Queen Marie Antoinette. The painting, illustrated at the top of this page, was titled Madame la Duchesse d'Orléans. Vigée-Le Brun made use of the lonely duchess's well-known melancholia in the pose. Dressed in virginal white, a reminder of her candor, the head of the duchess is supported on her upraised arm. She is shown with a languid, sad expression. Below the breast is a Wedgwood medallion which Colin Eisler has identified as Poor Maria, possibly a reference to the life of the duchess, which was later destroyed because of the Revolution. The painting is now at the Palace of Versailles. There is another copy in the musée de Longchamp, Marseille. Versailles also has a third copy which has been incorrectly described as a replica.

Ancestry

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

• 13 March 1753 – 25 September 1753 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle d'Ivoy^[32]
• 25 September 1753 – 5 April 1769 Her Serene Highness Mademoiselle de Penthièvre
• 5 April 1769 – 18 November 1785 Her Serene Highness the Duchess of Chartres
• 18 November 1785 – 6 November 1793 Her Serene Highness the Duchess of Orléans^[33]
• 6 November 1793 – 27 June 1821 Her Serene Highness the Dowager Duchess of Orléans (duchesse douairière d'Orléans)
• Veuve Égalité (Note: Not a style but a nickname given her by the revolutionaries after the execution of her husband, Philippe Égalité.)

References

External link

• [1]

Titles